Neural crest cells differentiate into: postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies cells of the inferior mesenteric ganglion adrenal medullary cells cells of the enteric plexus all of the above are correct
The ganglia of the autonomic nervous system are derived from: ectoderm endoderm both neither
Of the following, the item most closely associated with the regulation of visceral and endocrine functions is: telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
Of the following, the item most closely associated with the pons is: telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
Of the following, the item most closely associated with visual reflexes is: telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
Of the following, the one most closely associated with the cerebrum is: telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
Of the following, the one most closely associated with the 3rd ventricle is: telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
Myelomeningocele is often associated with a caudal displacement of medulla and a portion of the cerebellum into the vertebral canal. true false
The sympathetic nervous system is derived mostly from neural crest cells. true false
Spina bifida occulta and encephalomeningocele result from a defect in neural tube closure. true false
Microglial cells arise from gliablasts after the production of neuroblasts has ceased. true false
Anencephaly is more frequent in females than males. true false
During maturation of the nervous system: fiber tracts appear to become myelinated
about the time they start to function all myelination of nerve fibers is by
oligodendroglial cells the first reflexes appear in the caudal region there is no movement of the embryo/fetus
until the 15th week
Cerebrospinal fluid: is produced in choroid plexuses circulates in the ventricular system of the
brain and in the subarachnoid spaces re-enters the venous blood at the arachnoid
granulations blockage of its circulation can lead to internal
or external hydrocephalus all of the above are correct
In the development of the nervous system: there are five primary brain vesicles during the 5th week, each brain vesicle
subdivides into 2 parts the pontine flexure is in a direction opposite
the mesencephalic and cervical flexure neural epithelial cells are found in the
marginal layer
In the development of the nervous system: the sulcus limitans is found in the
diencephalon the infundibulum is an outgrowth of the
telencephalon that develops into the
neurohypophysis sensory nuclei in the hindbrain lie ventral to
the sulcus limitans the inner ear is derived from surface
ectoderm
In the development of the nervous system: the neural groove forms from the neural
plate the neural folds are composed of
neuroepithelial cells the neural tube maintains temporary contact
with the amniotic cavity via neuropores neuroepithelial cells give rise to both
neuroblasts and gliablasts all of the above are correct
With respect to the nervous system, which of the following is NOT correct: a muscle's nerve supply can be used as an
indicator of its level of origin and path of
migration Rathke's pouch is an outgrowth of oral
ectoderm that becomes the anterior lobe of
the hypophysis the sulcus limitans marks the boundary
between motor and sensory areas sensory nuclei in the hindbrain lie ventral to
motor nuclei
In the list below, which embryonic structures are correctly matched with the adult structure and function? mesencephalon - colliculi - visual and
auditory reflexes metencephalon - medulla - reflex center telencephalon - thalamus - sensory relay and
integration telencephalon - cerebellum - motor
coordination
Myelination: is accomplished by neurilemma or Schwann
cells in peripheral nerves is accomplished by oligodendroglial cells
within the spinal cord continues after birth is related to function all of the above are correct
Hydrocephalus: exhibits decreased accumulation of CSF
within the ventricles or between the brain and
dura mater is accompanied by an excessive amount of
amniotic fluid may be caused by an obstruction of the
aqueduct of Sylvius may be caused by an absence of the choroid
plexuses
Spina bifida cystica and meningoencephalocele: are often caused by a failure of the neural
tube to close have their inception during the fourth week
of development always occur together in the affected
individual have as their primary cause a defect in
development of bone
Meningoencephalocele: is due to the failure of the neural tube to
close is often associated with displacement of
medulla and some cerebellum into the
vertebral canal most frequently is located in the cervical cord
region is not related to hydrocephaly
Anencephaly: is the result of failure of the cephalic part of
the neural tube to form has its inception during the 5th week of
development is seen more frequently in females than in
males is accompanied by a deficiency in amniotic
fluid
Congenital absence of neural crest cells could result in: absence of sympathetic chain ganglia facial malformations absence of adrenal medulla absence of pigment cells all of the above are correct
Which of the following is usually associated with anencephaly? macrocephalus hydrocephalus cranioschisis microcephalus conical cranium
The metencephalon forms the: cerebellum medulla oblongata both neither
The mesencephalon differentiates into the: cerebellum pons both neither
The brain flexure which develops between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon is called the: pontine hindbrain cervical cephalic midbrain
The lateral longitudinal groove in the inner surface of the developing spinal cord is the: neural groove cuneate groove sulcus limitans longitudinal groove transverse fold
At birth, the caudal end of the spinal cord lies at which vertebral level? third sacral first sacral third lumbar first lumbar twelfth thoracic
Which cranial nerve is the lowest numbered cranial nerve arising from the myelencephalon? olfactory nerve - CN I optic nerve - CN II oculomotor nerve - CN III trochlear nerve - CN IV trigeminal nerve - CN V abducens nerve - CN VI facial nerve - CN VII vestibulocochlear nerve - CN VIII glossopharyngeal nerve - CN IX vagus nerve - CN X accessory nerve - CN XI hypoglossal nerve - CN XII
A 49 year-old female presents with 1 cm dark, irregular, slightly raised lesion on her forearm. She is often in the sun working in her garden, and she has noticed it growing bigger in the past few months. What is the embryonic origin of these malignant cells? lateral mesoderm 3rd phalangeal pouch superficial mesoderm neural crest endoderm
A 28 year-old G2P1 female patient comes in for a check up for the first time. Sonographic dating puts her roughly around 30 weeks. She states she hasn't been taking any prenatal vitamins or any supplements. On ultrasonography, it has also been identified that the fetus has anencephaly. What is the specific abnormality causing this condition? defective neural crest migration neural tube defect myogenic cell migration defect defective division of somites
During the fusion of neural tube cranially and caudally, in which trimester would the defect in neural tube fusion cause anencephaly or spina bifida? first trimester second trimester third trimester
Which of the following does NOT arise from the neural crest? spinal ganglia pigment cells suprarenal medulla skeletal and muscular components in the head sheaths of peripheral nerves all of the above arise from neural crest
If you were to perform spinal lumbar puncture on a newborn baby, below which level would you target to avoid damaging spinal cord? L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
If you were to perform a spinal lumbar puncture on an adult, below which vertebra level would you target to avoid damaging the spinal cord? L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
From which embryonic layer does the dura mater arise? neural crest paraxial mesoderm lateral ectoderm endoderm
After the fourth week of development, what marker can be detected in fetal circulation to diagnose neural tube defects? estrogen LDH albumin alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) hCG