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Anatomy Tables - Scalp, Cranial Cavity, Meninges & Brain
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Anatomy Tables - Scalp, Cranial Cavity, Meninges & Brain |
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Osteology |
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|---|---|---|
| Bone | Structure | Description |
| frontal (N6, N9, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
orbital plate | forms the roof of the orbit |
| ethmoid (N6, N9, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
cribriform plate | perforated for olfactory nerves |
| crista galli (N6, N9, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
superior projection into anterior cranial fossa which anchors falx cerebri anteriorly (Latin, crista galli = cock's comb) | |
| foramen cecum (N6, TG7-07) |
near anterior end of crista galli; transmits an emissary vein (Latin, cecum = blind) | |
| parietal (N4, N7A, N7B, TG7-04, TG7-05A, TG7-05B, TG7-05C) |
these paired bones form most of the calvaria or skullcap; they articulate at midline at the sagittal suture, anteriorly with frontal bone at coronal suture, posteriorly with occipital bone at lambdoidal suture, and inferiorly with: greater wing of sphenoid bone anteriorly at pterion, squamosal part of temporal bone at squamous suture, and mastoid part of temporal bone posteriorly at parietomastoid suture | |
| parietal foramen (N4, N7A, N7B, TG7-04, TG7-05A, TG7-05B, TG7-05C) |
near sagittal suture posteriorly; transmits parietal emissary vein | |
| granular fovea (N7B, TG7-05C) |
small pits in inner table for arachnoid granulations (Latin, fovea = a pit) | |
| occipital (N4, N6, TG7-04, TG7-08) |
squamous part | posterior to foramen magnum; articulates with petrous part of temporal bone inferiorly and parietal bones superiorly at lambdoidal suture |
| internal occipital protuberance (N9, TG7-07) |
midline projection on the internal aspect of the squamous part, lying at the center of the grooves marking the confluens of sinuses | |
| basal part (N9, TG7-07) |
anterior to foramen magnum; articulates with body of sphenoid bone | |
| foramen magnum (N9, TG7-07) |
large midline passage through occipital bone; marks the transition of medulla oblongata to spinal cord; also transmits the vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, and the spinal accessory (XI) nerves | |
| lateral part | lateral to foramen magnum; pierced by hypoglossal & condylar canals | |
| hypoglossal canal (N11, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
lies in the lateral part; transmits hypoglossal nerve | |
| condylar canal | lies in the lateral part; transmits emissary vein | |
| occipital condyle | paired; each projects inferiorly from lateral part; articulates with the atlas | |
| temporal (N9, TG7-07) |
petrous part | contains tympanic cavity & bony labyrinth |
| internal acoustic meatus (N11, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
on posterior surface of petrous part; transmits facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, & labyrinthine artery | |
| facial canal | through petrous part; transmits facial nerve to stylomastoid foramen | |
| carotid canal | through petrous part; transmits internal carotid artery & internal carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves | |
| squamous part | flat & vertical; articulates with partietal & greater wing of sphenoid bone at squamosal suture | |
| sphenoid | body | central part, containing sinuses (Greek, sphenoid = wedge-shaped) |
| optic canal (N2, N11, TG7-07, TG7-57) |
foramen at lateral end of chiasmatic sulcus, medial to anterior clinoid process; transmits optic nerve and ophthalmic artery | |
| sella turcica (N6, N9, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
roughly equivalent to hypophyseal fossa (Latin, sella turcica = Turkish saddle) | |
| anterior clinoid process | at medial end of lesser wing of sphenoid; internal carotid artery passes medial (Greek, clinoid = resembles a bed) | |
| posterior clinoid process | at posterior edge of sella turcica (Greek, clinoid = resembles a bed) | |
| lesser wing of sphenoid (N6, N9, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
forms posterior margin of anterior cranial fossa; articulates anteriorly with orbital plate of frontal bone (Greek, sphenoid = wedge-shaped) | |
| greater wing of sphenoid (N6, N9, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
forms medial part of floor of middle cranial fossa, part of temporal fossa laterally, and posterior part of lateral wall of orbit; articulates anteriorly with zygomatic, superiorly with frontal & parietal bone (at pterion), posteriorly with squamous & petrous temporal bone (Greek, sphenoid = wedge-shaped) | |
| superior orbital fissure (N2, N11, TG7-07, TG7-57) |
between lesser & greater wings of sphenoid; transmits oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducens nerve, branches of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, superior ophthalmic vein, lymphatics | |
| foramen rotundum (N11, TG7-07) |
through greater wing; transmits maxillary division of trigeminal nerve | |
| foramen ovale (N11, TG7-06, TG7-07) |
through greater wing between foramen rotundum & foramen spinosum; transmits mandibular division of trigeminal nerve | |
| foramen spinosum (N11, TG7-06, TG7-07) |
through greater wing; transmits middle meningeal artery | |
| foramen lacerum (N11, TG7-06, TG7-07) |
where the anteromedial tip of the petrous temporal bone nearly contacts the body of the sphenoid bone; closed by cartilage in life; transmits greater and deep petrosal nerves | |
| jugular foramen (N11, TG7-07, TG7-08) |
lies between the petrous temporal bone and the lateral part of the occipital bone; contains the jugular bulb; transmits glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI) nerves |
Muscles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action | Innervation | Blood Supply | Notes | Image |
| epicranius (N24, TG7-30) |
frontalis: galea aponeurotica; occipitalis: superior nuchal line | frontalis: skin of the eyebrows; occipitalis: galea aponeurotica | elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead | frontalis: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII); occipitalis: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) | frontalis: supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.; occipitalis: occipital a. | the frontalis and occipitalis muscles are two bellies of the epicranius muscle; also known as: occipitofrontalis m. | ) |
| frontalis (N24, TG7-30) |
galea aponeurotica | skin of the eyebrow | elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead | temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII) | supraorbital and supratrochlear aa. | frontalis is the anterior belly of the epicranius muscle | ) |
| occipitalis (N24, TG7-29, TG7-30) |
superior nuchal line | galea aponeurotica | pulls the scalp posteriorly; elevates the eyebrows | posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) | occipital a. | occipitalis is the posterior belly of the epicranius muscle | ) |
Nerves | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nerve | Source | Branches | Motor | Sensory | Notes |
| olfactory n. (N114, TG7-77AB, TG7-77C) |
the filaments of the bipolar olfactory epithelial cells constitute the olfactory n. | second order olfactory nerve cell bodies located in the olfactory bulb | none | smell (SVA) | also known as: CN I, 1st cranial n.; multiple olfactory filaments pass through the cribriform plate to enter the anterior cranial fossa and synapse in the olfactory bulb; the olfactory tract carries the signal from the bulb to olfactory cortex of the forebrain |
| optic (N114, TG7-78AB, TG7-78C) |
ganglion layer of retina to forebrain | vision (SSA) | also known as: CN II, 2nd cranial nerve; course of optic nerve - through optic canal to optic chiasma, then optic tract to lateral geniculate body & optic radiation | ||
| oculomotor (N114, TG7-79AB, TG7-79C, TG7-79D) |
GSE: oculomotor nuclei of midbrain; GVE: accessory (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus (preganglionic parasympathetic) | superior br., inferior br. | superior br.: levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus; inferior br: medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique; ciliary muscle & sphincter pupillae (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic to ciliary ganglion via parasympathetic root, postganglionic parasympathetic via short ciliary nn.) | also known as: CN III, 3rd cranial nerve; passes through superior orbital fissure | |
| trochlear (N114, TG7-80AB, TG7-80C) |
trochlear nucleus of midbrain | superior oblique (GSE) | also known as: CN IV, 4th cranial nerve; passes through superior orbital fissure; smallest cranial nerve, only cranial nerve to arise from dorsum of brainstem (Latin, trochlea = a pulley) | ||
| trigeminal (N114, TG7-81AB, TG7-81C) |
pons: trigeminal motor nucleus (SVE) to motor root; spinal trigeminal nucleus from trigeminal ganglion (GSA) via sensory root | ophthalmic, maxillary & mandibular divisions | SVE: temporalis, masseter, lateral & medial pterygoid, anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani | skin of face, nasal & oral cavities, ant. 2/3rds of tongue (GSA only) | also known as: CN V, 5th cranial nerve; some brs. carry pre- or postganglionic parasympathetic fibers; divides into three divisions at trigeminal ganglion; SVE supplies muscles of branchial arch origin |
| abducens (N114, TG7-86AB, TG7-86C) |
pons: abducens nucleus | GSE: lateral rectus m. | also known as: CN VI, 6th cranial nerve; passes through the superior orbital fissure (Latin, abducens = to draw away) | ||
| facial (N114, TG7-87AB, TG7-87C, TG7-88A, TG7-88B) |
pons & medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla via nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons via nervus intermedius, facial motor nucleus of pons via motor root | greater petrosal (preganglionic parasympathetic to pterygopalatine ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic travels with brs. of maxillary div. of V), chorda tympani (SVA taste from anterior 2/3rds of tongue; preganglionic parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic to submandibular & sublingual glands), n. to stapedius, posterior auricular, intraparotid plexus with temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular & cervical brs. | stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, muscles of facial expression; secretomotor to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, and mucous glands of nasal & oral cavities | taste (SVA) from anterior 2/3rds of tongue; part of skin of external auditory meatus | also known as: CN VII, 7th cranial nerve; passes into internal acoustic meatus, goes through facial canal, exits at stylomastoid foramen |
| vestibulocochlear (N114, TG7-89AB, TG7-89C) |
pons & medulla: vestibular nuclei from vestibular ganglion of semicircular ducts; cochlear nuclei in inferior cerebellar peduncle from spiral ganglion of cochlea | divides within the temporal bone into vestibular and cochlear parts | vestibular: balance/proprioception (SSA); cochlear: hearing (SSA) | also known as: CN VIII, 8th cranial nerve; auditory nerve; passes into internal auditory meatus | |
| glossopharyngeal (N114, TG7-90AB, TG7-90C, TG7-90D) |
medulla: spinal trigeminal nucleus from superior ganglion (GVA); nucleus solitarius from inferior ganglion (SVA); nucleus ambiguus (GVA); inferior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) | tympanic nerve to tympanic plexus & lesser petrosal n., carotid sinus n., stylopharyngeus brs., pharyngeal brs. | GSE: stylopharyngeus; GVE: secretomotor to parotid gland (preganglionic parasympathetic via tympanic n. to lesser petrosal n. to otic ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic via auriculotemporal n.) | GVA: carotid body & sinus, pharynx, middle ear; GSA: skin of external ear; SVA: taste from posterior 1/3rd of tongue | also known as: CN IX, 9th cranial nerve; passes through jugular foramen; may penetrate the stylopharyngeus m. |
| vagus (N114, TG7-91AB, TG7-91C, TG7-92) |
medulla: dorsal nucleus (GVA & GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) from inferior ganglion, nucleus ambiguus (SVE); spinal trigeminal nucleus (GSA) from superior ganglion; nucleus solitarius (SVA) from inferior ganglion | auricular br., pharyngeal br., superior laryngeal, superior & inferior cervical cardiac brs., recurrent laryngeal, thoracic cardiac brs., brs. to pulmonary plexus, esophageal plexus, anterior & posterior vagal trunks | SVE: intrinsic muscles of larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), & palate (except tensor veli palatini); GVE: smooth muscle of respiratory tree & gut (proximal to splenic flexure), heart; secretomotor: mucous glands of larynx, respiratory tree, pharynx & gut, digestive glands | GSA: skin of external auditory meatus; GVA: viscera of head, neck, thorax & abdomen proximal to splenic flexure; SVA: taste to epiglottis | also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; passes through jugular foramen; (Latin,vagus = wanderer, because of its wide distribution to the body cavities) |
| accessory (N114, TG7-93AB, TG7-93C) |
cranial root: nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of upper cervical spinal cord | cranial root joins vagus; spinal root ascends through foramen magnum | GSE: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm. | also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; passes through jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; proprioceptive fibers reach sternocleidomastoid via C2&C3 and trapezius via C3&C4 (subtrapezial plexus) | |
| hypoglossal (N114, TG7-94AB, TG7-94C) |
medulla: hypoglossal nucleus | branches of C1&2 carried by this nerve are not considered to be branches of the hypoglossal nerve | intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus m.) | also known as: CN XII, 12th cranial nerve; passes through the hypoglossal canal; superior root of ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n. |
Arteries | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artery | Source | Branches | Supply | Notes |
| carotid, internal (N139, N140, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
common carotid | none in the neck; in the head: ophthalmic, post. communicating, ant. & middle cerebral (terminal brs.) | brain, eye, forehead | primary blood supply to the brain; anastomoses with vertebral aa. |
| anterior cerebral (N139, N140, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
internal carotid a. | anterior communicating a., medial frontobasal a., polar frontal a., callosomarginal a., precuneal a. | medial and inferior portions of the frontal lobe; medial side of the parietal lobe; corpus callosum and part of the limbic lobe; olfactory bulb and tract; optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract | the anterior communicating a. unites the two anterior cerebral aa. across the midline |
| communicating, anterior (N139, N140, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
anterior cerebral a. | perforating aa. | an anastomotic connection | anterior communicating a. is a short vessel of anastomosis which crosses the midline to join the paired anterior cerebral aa.; it is part of the Circle of Willis |
| cerebral, middle (N139, N140, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
internal carotid a. | lateral frontobasal a.; prefrontal sulcal a.; precentral sulcal a.; central sulcal a.; anterior parietal a.; posterior parietal a.; anterior, middle and posterior temporal aa. | frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, especially on their lateral surfaces | the middle cerebral a. is the direct continuation of the internal carotid a. |
| communicating, posterior (N139, N140, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
internal carotid a. | perforating aa. | an anastomotic connection | a vessel of anastomosis which connects the internal carotid a. to the posterior cerebral a.; part of the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) |
| vertebral (N139, N140, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
subclavian (1st part) | spinal brs., muscular brs., ant. spinal, post. inf. cerebellar, medullary brs., meningeal brs., basilar (fusion of paired vertebrals) | deep neck, cervical spinal cord, hindbrain | anastomoses with internal carotid in cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); courses through transverse foramina of vertebrae C1-C6 |
| cerebellar, posterior inferior (N139, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
vertebral a. | posterior spinal a. | part of cerebellum; medulla (cochlear nucleus, vestibular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus) | posterior inferior cerebellar a. shares its region of supply with the vertebral a. and anterior spinal a. (watershed region) |
| posterior spinal (N139, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B) |
posterior inferior cerebellar, with numerous anastomoses with radicular branches of vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa. | pial arterial plexus | spinal cord, especially the dorsal columns; medulla (nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis) | paired; posterior spinal aa. anastomose with the posterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa. |
| anterior spinal (N139, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B) |
vertebral aa. give off paired ant. spinal aa. that fuse; there are numerous anastomoses with radicular branches of posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, lateral sacral aa. | pial arterial plexus | meninges; spinal cord; medulla (dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X, nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus) | anterior spinal a. anastomoses with the anterior radicular brs. of the spinal rami of the vertebral, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral aa. |
| basilar (N139, N140, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
union of vertebral arteries | pontine brs., ant. inf. cerebellar, sup. cerebellar, post. cerebral (terminal brs.) | pons, cerebellum, post. cerebrum | |
| cerebellar, anterior inferior (N139, N140, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
basilar a. | labyrinthine a. (usually) | pons (motor nucleus of cranial nerve V, chief sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus); cerebellum; inner ear | anterior inferior cerebella a. shares its region of supply with branches of the basilar a. |
| cerebellar, superior (N139, N140, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
basilar a. | no named branches | upper cerebellum; trochlear nucleus | there may be more than one superior cerebellar a. arising from the basilar a. on each side |
| cerebral, posterior (N139, N140, N171, TG7-56A, TG7-56B, TG7-72) |
basilar a. | posterior cerebral a.; anterior and posterior temporal brs.; medial occipital a. | part of the brainstem (oculomotor nucleus, nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, trochlear nucleus); medial and inferior portions of the temporal lobe; occipital lobe | the two posterior cerebral aa. are the terminal brs. of the basilar a. |
| cerebral arterial circle (N139, TG7-56A, TG7-56B) |
an anastomotic circle of blood vessels formed by portions of the following vessels: posterior cerebral aa. (2); posterior communicating aa. (2); internal carotid aa. (2); anterior cerebral aa. (2); anterior communicating a. | this is an anastomotic loop; major named vessels connect here, but there are no named branches of the arterial circle | brain and midbrain | also known as: arterial circle of Willis |
| meningeal, middle (N101, TG7-46, TG7-51) |
maxillary | frontal br., parietal br., petrous br., superior tympanic | most of the dura mater (approx. 80%), cranial vault bones | passes through foramen spinosum; may be torn by fracture at pterion; encircled by the auriculotemporal n. |
Veins and Venous Sinuses |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vein | Tributaries | Drains Into | Region Drained | Notes | |
| superior sagittal sinus (N99,N101,N102, TG7-46, TG7-48, TG7-73) |
superior cerebral vv. | confluens of sinuses | cerebral hemispheres | lies superiorly within falx cerebri; lacunae receive arachnoid granulations | |
| inferior sagittal sinus (N102, TG7-48, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
unites with great cerebral v. to form straight sinus | cerebral hemispheres on their medial surfaces | lies on corpus callosum in free margin of falx cerebri | ||
| straight sinus (N102, N103, TG7-47, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
inferior sagittal sinus & great cerebral vein | confluens of sinuses | deep cerebrum | lies within junction of falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli | |
| confluens of sinuses (N102, N103, TG7-47, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
sup. sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus | transverse sinuses | brain | lies on occipital bone within junction of falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli | |
| transverse sinus (N102, N103, TG7-47, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
confluens of sinuses, inferior cerebral vv. | sigmoid sinus | brain | lies within attachment of tentorium cerebelli to inner surface of calvaria | |
| sigmoid sinus (N102, N103, TG7-47, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
transverse sinus, superior petrosal sinus | internal jugular v. | brain | lies within sigmoid groove covered by dura mater (Greek, sigmoid = resembles the greek letter sigma) | |
| cavernous sinus (N103, TG7-47, TG7-60) |
superior ophthalmic v., middle cerebral vv., sphenoparietal sinus | superior & inferior petrosal sinuses | orbit, brain | lies within dura mater beside body of sphenoid bone | |
| occipital sinus (N102, TG7-48, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
confluens of sinuses | cerebellum | lies within dura mater at base of falx cerebelli | ||
| basilar plexus (N102, N103, TG7-47, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
superior & inferior petrosal sinuses | internal vertebral plexus | cavernous sinus | variable, connects with other small sinuses nearby (Latin, plexus = a braid) | |
| inferior petrosal sinus (N102, TG7-47, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
cavernous sinus | internal jugular v. | orbit & brain | lies within dura mater at the medial end of the angle of the petrous part of the temporal bone (Latin, petrosus = stoney) | |
| superior petrosal sinus (N102, N103, TG7-47, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
cavernous sinus | sigmoid sinus | orbit & brain | lies on petrous ridge within dura mater at attachment of tentorium cerebelli (Latin, petrosus = stoney) | |
| cerebral, superior (N100, N101, TG7-46, TG7-73) |
superior sagittal sinus | cerebral cortex superiorly | |||
| cerebral, middle (N103, TG7-47, TG7-73) |
cavernous sinus | temporal lobes | |||
| cerebral, inferior (N101, TG7-47, TG7-73) |
transverse sinus | occipital lobes | |||
| emissary (N99,N101, TG7-73) |
connect scalp vv. with dural sinuses; 4 named emissary vv.: parietal, mastoid, occipital & condyloid | superior ophthalmic v. also acts as an emissary v. | |||
| cerebral, great (N102, N103, TG7-47, TG7-48, TG7-49, TG7-73) |
union of paired internal cerebrals; basal vv. | unites with inferior sagittal sinus to form straight sinus | deep portions of cerebrum | ||
| diploic | veins of diploe of skull | nearby veins or dural sinuses | bones of cranial vault | connect with dural sinuses & meningeal vv. | |
| internal jugular (TG7-73 | formed by the union of the sigmoid & inferior petrosal sinuses; tributaries: pharyngeal vv.; lingual, common facial, sternocleidomastoid, superior & middle thyroid vv. | brachiocephalic v. | brain & skull, face, viscera of neck | largest vein of the nead and neck |
Topographic Anatomy | ||
|---|---|---|
| Structure/Space | Boundaries/Description | Significance |
| anterior cranial fossa (N9, TG7-07) | boundaries: anterior - inner table of frontal bone; posterior - posterior edge of lesser wing of sphenoid bone | |
| middle cranial fossa (N9, TG7-07) | boundaries: anterior - posterior edge of lesser wing of sphenoid bone; posterior - petrous ridge of temporal bone | |
| posterior cranial fossa (N9, TG7-07) | boundaries: anterior - petrous ridge of temporal bone; posterior - occipital bone |
Viscera/Fascia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Structure | Description | Significance |
| meninges (N99,N101, TG7-46, TG7-49) | three layers of tissue covering brain & spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater | |
| dura mater (N99,N101, TG7-46, TG7-49) |
outermost covering of brain & spinal cord | |
| cranial dura mater (N99,N101, TG7-46, TG7-49) | described as 2 layers: periosteal/endosteal/outer and meningeal/inner | cranial dural venous sinuses lie between; meningeal layer forms folds that help to support brain: falx cerebri & cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli |
| spinal dura mater (TG1-19, TG1-20) | forms dural sac containing spinal cord, lying within vertebral canal | sac ends at S2, coccygeal ligament (filum terminale externum) continues inferiorly to attach to coccyx |
| arachnoid mater (N99,N101, TG7-46, TG7-49) |
thin layer, pressed against inner wall of dura by cerebrospinal fluid pressure in subarachnoid space | (Greek, arachnoid = spider-like appearance) |
| pia mater (N99,N101, TG7-46, TG7-49) |
lies on surface of brain & spinal cord | forms denticulate ligament & filum terminale internum |
| subarachnoid space (TG7-49) | between archnoid & pia mater | contains cerebrospinal fluid (Greek, arachnoid = spider-like appearance) |
| falx cerebri (N101, N102, TG7-48, TG7-49) | cresent-shaped sagittally-oriented fold of dura mater lying between cerebral hemispheres | (Latin, falx = sickle shaped) |
| falx cerebelli (N102, TG7-48) | small, cresent-shaped sagittally-oriented fold of dura mater lying between cerebellar hemispheres | (Latin, falx = sickle shaped) |
| tentorium cerebelli (N103, TG7-48, TG7-51) | tent-like sheet of dura mater covering of cerebellum, oriented somewhat transversely | midbrain passes through tentorial notch (Latin, tentorium = tent) |
| diaphragma sellae | dura mater forming roof of hypophyseal fossa | pierced by stalk of hypophysis |
| arachnoid granulations (N99, TG7-46, TG7-49) |
projections of arachnoid mater through dura into superior sagittal sinus, to drain CSF | (Latin, arachnoid = spider-like appearance) |
| cerebral hemispheres (N103, TG7-53A, TG7-53B) |
also known as: telencephalon | comprises: cortex featuring gyri, sulci, fissures & lobes; commisures connecting parts; basal ganglia; contains lateral ventricles; origin of cranial nerve I - olfactory |
| longitudinal fissure (N113, TG7-54) |
midline, sagittal cleft separating the paired cerebral hemispheres; falx cerebri located here | |
| lobe, frontal (N103, TG7-53A, TG7-53B) |
rostral to central sulcus | comprises prefrontal (emotions, personality) & precentral (1st somatomotor) areas |
| lobe, parietal (N103, TG7-53A, TG7-53B) |
separated from frontal lobe by central sulcus, separated from occipital lobe by line through parieto-occipital sulcus | comprises 1st & 2nd somatosensory areas |
| lobe, occipital (N103, TG7-53A, TG7-53B) |
posterior to line through parieto-occipital sulcus | comprises primarily visual cortex |
| lobe, temporal (N103, TG7-53A, TG7-53B) |
separated from frontal lobe by lateral sulcus | primarily concerned with hearing |
| medulla oblongata (N106, N114, N115, TG7-53, TG7-54, TG7-55) |
a.k.a. myelencephalon; most caudal portion of brainstem | continuous with spinal cord at foramen magnum; upper portion forms floor of fourth ventricle; site of origin for cranial nerves IX, X, XI (cranial root), & XII |
| brain stem | comrpises midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata | |
| midbrain (N114, N115, TG7-53, TG7-54, TG7-55) |
shortest and most superior portion of the brainstem | comprises cerebral peduncles, connecting cerebrum with pons |
| pons (N106, N114, N115, TG7-53, TG7-54, TG7-55) |
anterior portion of metencephalon | site of origin of cranial nerves V, VI, VII & VIII; forms part of anterior wall of fourth ventricle (Latin, pons = bridge) |
| cerebellum (N112, N115, TG7-52, TG7-53) |
posterior part of metencephalon | largest part of hindbrain; important for coordination of movement |
| horizontal fissure | dorsolateral fissure of cerebellum | separates cerebellum into superior & inferior surfaces |
| hypophysis cerebri (N109,N147, TG7-49) |
lies in the sella turcica, connected to brain by the stalk of hypophysis | an endocrine gland, it comprises an adenohypophysis anteriorly and a neurohypophysis posteriorly; a.k.a. pituitary gland |
| cerebral aqueduct (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles, passing through the midbrain | also known as: aqueduct of Sylvius |
| interventricular foramen (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
communication between the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle; paired, one on each side | also known as: foramen of Monro |
| lateral aperture (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
foramen draining the fourth ventricle laterally into the cerebellomedullary cistern | paired; also known as: foramen of Luschka |
| median aperture (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
midline, irregular foramen draining the fourth ventricle posteroinferiorly into the cerebellomedullary cistern | also known as: foramen of Magendie |
| ventricle, lateral (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
paired spaces within the cerebral hemispheres | lateral ventricles drain cerebrospinal fluid to the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina (of Monroe) |
| ventricle, third (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
a midline space within the diencephalon between the paired dorsal thalami and the hypothalamus | third ventricle communicates rostrolaterally with paired lateral ventricles via interventricular foramina, communicates posteroinferiorly with fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct |
| ventricle, fourth (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
midline space between the cerebellum posteriorly and the pons and upper medulla anteriorly | fourth ventricle communicates anterosuperiorly with the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct; it drains CSF via the median aperture and the lateral apertures |
| choroid plexus (N109, TG7-50A, TG7-50B) |
tufts of vessels within each of the ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid is given off by the choroid plexuses |
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The material presented in these tables is contained in the book: MedCharts Anatomy by Thomas R. Gest & Jaye Schlesinger Published by ILOC, Inc., New York Copyright © 1995, unauthorized use prohibited. |
The excellent editorial assistance of Dr. Pat Tank, UAMS is gratefully acknowledged. |