Muscles
|
| Muscle |
Origin |
Insertion |
Action |
Innervation |
Artery |
Notes |
Image |
| levator ani (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23) |
posterior surface of the body of the pubis, fascia of the obturator internus m. (arcus tendineus levator ani), ischial spine |
anococcygeal raphe and coccyx |
elevates the pelvic floor |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 |
inferior gluteal a. |
the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus & iliococcygeus is the levator ani m.; coccygeus and levator ani combined form the pelvic diaphragm (Latin, levator = to lift) |
 |
| puborectalis (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23, (TG6-35, TG6-36) |
posterior aspect of the body of the pubis |
unites with the puborectalis m. of other side posterior to the rectum |
draws the distal rectum forward and superiorly; aids in voluntary retention of feces |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 |
inferior gluteal a. |
the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m. |
 |
| pubovaginalis |
posterior aspect of the body of the pubis |
fascia of the vagina and perineal body |
draws the vagina forward and superiorly |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 |
inferior gluteal a. |
pubovaginalis is part of the levator ani muscle |
 |
| pubococcygeus (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23, (TG6-35, TG6-36) |
posterior aspect of the superior pubic ramis |
coccyx |
elevates the pelvic floor |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 |
inferior gluteal a. |
the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m. |
 |
| iliococcygeus (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23) |
arcus tendineus levator ani and the ischial spine |
anococcygeal raphe and the coccyx |
elevates the pelvic floor |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 |
inferior gluteal a. |
the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m. |
 |
| coccygeus (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23) |
ischial spine |
side of the coccyx and lower sacrum |
elevates the pelvic floor |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 |
inferior gluteal a. |
coccygeus and levator ani combined form the pelvic diaphragm |
 |
| obturator internus (N358, N360, N379, TG3-13, TG5-07, TG6-14, TG6-21A, TG6-21B, TG3-28) |
the internal surface of the obturator membrane and margin of the obturator foramen |
greater trochanter on its medial surface above the trochanteric fossa |
laterally rotates and abducts the thigh |
nerve to the obturator internus m. |
obturator a. |
the obturator internus m. leaves the pelvis by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen; the superior and inferior gemellus mm. insert on the obturator internus tendon |
 |
| piriformis (TG3-12, TG6-21, TG6-23) |
anterior surface of sacrum |
upper border of greater trochanter of femur |
laterally rotates and abducts thigh |
ventral rami of S1-S2 |
|
piriformis leaves the pelvis by passing through the greater sciatic foramen |
 |
| sphincter urethrae, in female (N361, N366, N379, N382, N385, TG6-08, TG6-10, TG6-28A, TG6-28B) |
encircles the urethra |
encircles urethra and vagina; extends superiorly along the urethra as far as the inferior surface of the bladder |
compresses urethra and vagina |
deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve |
internal pudendal a. |
skeletal muscle (Greek, sphincter = that which binds tight) |
 |
| sphincter urethrae, in male (N361, N366, N379, N382, N385, TG6-08, TG6-10, TG6-28A, TG6-28B) |
encircles the urethra |
encircles urethra, reaches lateral surface of prostate and inferior bladder |
compresses urethra |
deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve |
internal pudendal a. |
skeletal muscle (Greek, sphincter = that which binds tight) |
 |
| bulbospongiosus, in female (N379, N382, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
perineal body and fascia of the bulb of the vestibule |
perineal membrane and corpus cavernosum of the clitoris |
compresses the vestibular bulb and constricts the vaginal orifice |
deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve) |
perineal a. |
skeletal muscle |
 |
| bulbospongiosus, in male (N379, N382, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
central tendinous point and the midline raphe on the bulb of the penis |
perineal membrane, dorsal surface of the corpus spongiosum, deep penile fascia |
compresses the bulb of the penis, compresses the spongy urethra |
deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve) |
perineal a. |
expels the last drops of urine from urethra; expels semen during ejaculation |
 |
| ischiocavernosus (N379, N382, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
medial surface of the ischial tuberosity and the ischiopubic ramus |
corpus cavernosum and crus of the penis/clitoris |
compresses the corpus cavernosum |
deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve) |
perineal a. |
ischiocavernosus m. is closely applied to the surface of the crus penis/clitoris |
 |
| superficial transverse perineus |
medial surface of the ischial ramus |
contralateral muscle and the perineal body/central tendinous point |
fixes and stabilizes perineal body/central tendinous point |
deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve |
perineal a. |
superficial and deep transverse perineus muscles are separated by the perineal
membrane |
 |
| deep transverse perineus |
medial surface of the ischial ramus |
contralateral muscle and perineal body/central tendinous point |
fixes and stabilizes the perineal body/central tendinous point |
deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve |
internal pudendal a. |
superficial and deep transverse perineus muscles are separated by the perineal
membrane |
 |
Viscera
|
| Organ/Part of Organ |
Location/Description |
Notes |
| ductus deferens (N361, TG6-31,
N384, TG6-10, N387, TG6-31) |
duct of the testis |
ductus deferens is continuous with the tail of the epididymis; it passes through the superficial inguinal ring, inguinal canal and deep inguinal ring to reach the posteroinferior surface of the bladder where it joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct (Latin, ductus = to lead + deferens = to carry away) |
| ampulla of the ductus deferens (N384, TG6-10) |
dilated part of the ductus deferens located posterior to the bladder |
ampulla of the ductus deferens joins with the duct of the seminal vesical to form the ejaculatory duct (Latin, ampulla = a flask or the dilated part of a duct or channel; ductus = to lead + deferens = to carry away) |
| ampulla of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
widest and longest part of the uterine tube |
ampulla of the uterine tube arches over the ovary and ends laterally in the infundibulum (Latin, ampulla = a flask or the dilated part of a duct or channel) |
| anal canal (N393, TG6-16) |
terminal end of the digestive tract |
anal canal is continuous with the rectum above and opens at the anus below; it is regulated by external and internal anal sphincters |
| anal columns (N393, TG6-16) |
longitudinal folds of mucosa on the inner wall of the anal canal |
anal columns are connected inferiorly by anal valves; rectal vessels lie beneath the submucosa of the anal columns |
| anal valves (N393, TG6-16) |
folds of mucosa joining adjacent anal columns at their inferior ends |
anal valves can be difficult to locate in the older individual |
| bladder, urinary (TG6-08, TG6-08) |
hollow muscular organ posterior to the pubic symphysis and body of the pubis that acts as a reservoir for urine |
urinary bladder is held in place by the pubovesical/puboprostatic ligaments; ureters enter the posterolateral surface of the bladder at the posterior two angles of the vesical trigone |
| body of the uterus (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
part of the uterus from the fundus and the isthmus |
the uterine cavity is thin anteroposteriorly and wide in the transverse plane |
| cervix (N371, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
narrowed inferior end of the uterus |
cervix is inferior to the isthmus of the uterus and projects into the vagina; it is surrounded by the vaginal fornices (anterior, posterior and lateral) (Latin, cervix = neck) |
| clitoris (N377, TG6-25) |
combination of 3 erectile bodies: glans clitoris and 2 corpora cavernosa clitoris |
clitoris is covered by smooth skin |
| corona of the glans (N382) |
margin of the glans projecting beyond the ends of the corpora cavernosa |
overhangs the neck of the glans that separates the body from the glans of the penis |
| ejaculatory duct (N384, TG6-10) |
duct formed by the union of the duct of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens |
ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland to empty onto the seminal colliculus along the urethral crest in the prostatic urethra |
| epididymis (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) |
beginning of the duct system of the testis |
the head of the epididymis is located on the superior surface of the testis and receives sperm from the efferent ductules; the body of the epididymis lies posterolateral to the testis and is separated from the testis by the sinus of the epididymis; the tail of the epididymis is located inferiorly and is continuous with the ductus deferens; the ductus deferens ascends to pass through the abdominal wall via the inguinal canal (Greek, epididymis = covering the testicle) |
| external urethral meatus (orifice) (N377, TG6-25) |
slitlike opening of the spongy urethra near the tip of the glans |
|
| fimbria of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12)
|
finger-like projections surrounding the opening into the uterine tube |
fimbria spread over the medial surface of the ovary; the ovarian fimbria is an extra long fimbria that attaches to the ovary (Latin, fimbria = fringe) |
| frenulum (N377, TG6-25)
|
a more posterior or deeper part of the labia minora passing posterior to the clitoris |
(Latin, frenulum = bridle, a narrow reflection of membrane from the lower surface of the glands with the prepuce) |
| fundus of the uterus (N371, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
the rounded anterosuperior part of the uterus |
fundus of the uterus is defined as that portion of the uterus located superior to an imaginary line joining the points of entry of the uterine tubes; the uterus is normally anteverted and anteflexed, so the fundus normally points anterosuperiorly (Latin, fundus = bottom) |
| glans penis/clitoridis (N377, TG6-25, N382) |
expanded distal end of the corpus spongiosum which caps the ends of the corpora cavernosa |
the fossa navicularis is an expanded portion of the penile urethra that occurs in the glans (Latin, glans = acorn) |
| hymen |
thin, usually incomplete septum at the inferior vaginal orifice |
the hymen is the remnant of the urogenital septum of the embryo, and the hymeneal caruncles are remnants of the hymen (Greek, hymen = a membrane) |
| infundibulum of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
funnel-shaped distal end of the uterine tube |
fimbria are attached to the margin of the infundibulum (Latin, infundibulum = a funnel) |
| interureteric ridge (N366, TG6-10) |
mucosal fold on the inner posterior wall of the bladder connecting the paired ureteric orifices |
interureteric ridge is the superior boundary of the vesical trigone |
| isthmus of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
constricted part of the uterine tube that is adjacent to the uterus |
isthmus of the uterine tube is the narrowest part |
| isthmus of the uterus (N371, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
constricted part of the uterus between the body and the cervix |
isthmus of the uterus is about 1 cm in length and its cavity enters into the internal cervical os |
| labia majora (N377, TG6-25) |
fat-filled elevations of hair-covered skin lying on either side of the vestibule of the vagina |
labia majora are joined across the midline by the anterior and posterior labial commissures; they blend into each other anteriorly to form the mons pubis (Latin, labia = lips) |
| labia minora (N377, TG6-25) |
paired folds of hairless skin located medial to the labia majora and extending posteroinferiorly from the clitoris |
the anterior end of each labium minus divides: the anterior division of each labium forms the prepuce of the clitoris and the posterior division of each labium forms the frenulum of the clitoris (Latin, labia = lips) |
| ligamentum teres uteri (N362, TG6-07, TG6-13,
N369) |
|
also known as: round ligament of the uterus (Latin, teres = round) |
| mons pubis (N377, TG6-25) |
rounded, fatty prominence anterior to the pubic symphysis |
(Latin, mons = mountain) |
| ovarian ligament (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
a band of connective tissue that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus |
a remnant of the gubernaculum; it is continuous with the round ligament of the uterus at the lateral surface of the uterus; ovarian ligament lies within the mesovarium; also known as: proper ovarian ligament |
| ovary (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
female gonad that lies in the ovarian fossa within the true pelvis in contact with the fimbria of the uterine tube |
ovary is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland; it is held in place by the ovarian ligament, mesovarium, and suspensory ligament of the ovary |
| pectinate line (N393, TG6-16) |
an irregular line joining the undersides of the anal valves |
pectinate line is where the mucosal lining of the digestive tract becomes continuous with the skin of the anal aperture |
| posterior fornix of the vagina (TG6-12) |
space within the vaginal canal posterior to the cervix |
an incision made superiorly through posterior fornix will enter the rectouterine pouch of the peritoneal cavity (Latin, fornix = arch or vault) |
| prepuce (N377, TG6-25) |
fold of smooth skin extending over the glans penis/clitoris |
the anterior divisions of the labia minora combine to form the prepuce of the clitoris (Latin, praeputium = foreskin) |
| prostate (N384, TG6-10) |
exocrine gland located inferior to the urinary bladder and superior to the perineal membrane |
multiple small ducts drain into the prostatic urethra as it passes through the prostate; subject to benign and malignant enlargement, which may compromise micturition due to projection of the uvula into the bladder (Greek, prostate = one stand before, this gland stands before the bladder) |
| prostatic utricle (N384, TG6-10) |
a small blind diverticulum in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra on the summit of the seminal colliculus |
prostatic utricle is a remnant of the fused lower ends of the paramesonephric ducts - the fused paramesonephric ducts form the uterine canal in the female (Latin, utriculus = little leather bag) |
| rectum (TG6-08, TG6-08) |
distal end of the colon |
rectum begins at about the S3 vertebral level; it is continuous distally with the anal canal |
| round ligament of the uterus (N362, TG6-07, TG6-13,
N369) |
a connective tissue band that attaches to the inner aspect of the labium majus and the uterus |
round ligament of the uterus traverses the superficial inguinal ring, inguinal canal and deep inguinal ring to reach the lateral surface of the uterus below the uterine tube; it is a remnant of the gubernaculum; it is continuous with the ovarian ligament; it holds the fundus of the uterus forward; also known as: ligamentum teres uteri |
| scrotal raphe (N387, TG6-31,N390) |
the midline, bilateral embryonic formation of the scrotum |
(Greek, raphe = a seam or suture) |
| scrotum (N387, TG6-31,N390) |
sac of hair-covered skin containing the testis |
in the scrotum the fatty and membranous layers of the superficial fascia (as seen in the lower abdominal wall) are fused to form the tunica dartos scroti |
| seminal colliculus (N384, TG6-10) |
elevation on the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra |
the seminal colliculus is a mound in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra; on its summit is found the opening of the prostatic utricle (Latin, colliculus = mound) |
| seminal vesicle (N384, TG6-10) |
blind sac located on the posterior surface of the bladder lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens |
seminal vesicle produces seminal fluid; its duct joins with the ampulla of the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct |
| seminiferous tubules (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) |
convoluted tubules of the testis in which sperm are produced |
drain via efferent ductules into the head of the epididymis |
| spermatic cord (N387, TG6-31) |
bundle of vessels, nerves and lymphatics ensheathed in tissue layers derived from the abdominal wall; it begins at the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and the superficial ring to reach the testis in the scrotum |
spermatic cord comprises the: ductus deferens, testicular a., pampiniform plexus, deferential a. & v. and genital br. of the genitofemoral n.; coverings of the cord are the: internal spermatic fascia (from the transversalis fascia), cremasteric muscle and fascia (from the internal abdominal oblique), external spermatic fascia (from the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis) |
| suspensory ligament of the ovary (N371,
N400, TG6-11, TG6-12) |
peritoneal fold overlying the ovarian vessels as they cross the pelvic brim to reach the ovary |
continuous with the broad ligament at the ovary |
| testis (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) |
an endocrine and exocrine gland contained within the scrotum |
testis is the male gonad; its exocrine product is sperm which drain to the head of the epididymis via efferent ductules; its endocrine product is testosterone; the testis migrates into the scrotum shortly before birth; it is tethered to the scrotum inferiorly by the scrotal ligament (a remnant of the gubernaculum) |
| tunica albuginea, testis (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) |
outer white fibrous covering of the testis |
tunica albuginea is a dense connective tissue capsule that is covered on its external surface by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis testis (Latin, tunica albuginea = white membrane, covering) |
| urachus (N363, TG6-07) |
joins the apex of the fetal bladder to the umbilicus |
after birth, the urachus becomes a remnant called the median umbilical ligament (Greek, urachus/ourachos = the urinary canal of a fetus) |
| ureteric orifices (N366, TG6-10) |
openings of the ureters in the bladder wall |
|
| bulb of the penis (N379, N382, N418 TG6-27B) |
expanded part of the corpus spongiosum that attaches to the perineal membrane |
bulb of the penis is covered on its superficial surface by the bulbospongiosus muscle; it contains a portion of the spongy/penile urethra; it is the homologue of the bulb of the vestibule |
| bulbourethral gland (TG6-28B) |
an exocrine gland located posterolateral to the membranous urethra within the sphincter urethrae muscle |
male only; its duct passes through the perineal membrane and drains into the spongy/penile urethra in the bulb of penis |
| corpus cavernosum (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
primary erectile bodies (paired) of the penis and clitoris |
corpora cavernosa attach via the crura to the ischiopubic rami and the perineal membrane; each crus is covered by an ischiocavernosus muscle; supplied by the deep a. of the penis/clitoris (Latin, corpus = body) |
| corpus spongiosum(N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
midline erectile body, attached to the perineal membrane at its proximal end (bulb of the penis) |
corpus spongiosum expands distally as the glans penis which caps the distal ends of the corpora cavernosa; it contains the spongy/penile urethra (Latin, corpus = body) |
| crus of penis (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
lateral part of the corpus cavernosum which is attached to the ischiopubic ramus and the perineal membrane |
crus penis is covered on its superficial surface by the ischiocavernosus muscle (Latin, crus = resembles a leg, therefore any structure which resembles a leg. The clitoris and diaphragm are two among many anatomical structures which take origin from crura) |
| epididymis (TG6-32B) |
beginning of the duct system of the testis |
the head of the epididymis is located on the superior surface of the testis and receives sperm from the efferent ductules; the body of the epididymis lies posterolateral to the testis and is separated from the testis by the sinus of the epididymis; the tail of the epididymis is located inferiorly and is continuous with the ductus deferens; the ductus deferens ascends to pass through the abdominal wall via the inguinal canal (Greek, epididymis = covering the testicle) |
| erectile tissue (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
tissue within the corpora cavernosa |
erection occurs as a result of blood filling the spaces of the corpora cavernosa |
| fascia, deep penile/clitoral |
an extension of the muscular fascia of the ischiocavernosus m. and bulbospongiosus m. onto the shaft of penis/clitoris |
deep fascia of the penis/clitoris forms a tubular sheath surrounding the erectile bodies, dorsal n. of the penis/clitoris, dorsal a. of the penis/clitoris, deep dorsal v. of the penis/clitoris; the superficial dorsal v. of penis/clitoris lies superficial to the deep fascia of the penis/clitoris; deep fascia of the penis is also known as: Buck's fascia |
| fossa navicularis (TG6-09B) |
dilation of the spongy/penile urethra in the glans penis |
the largest diameter of the penile urethra occurs here |
| fundiform ligament |
specialization of the membranous layer of superficial (Scarpa's) fascia passing from the lower abdominal wall onto the base of the penis/clitoris |
suspensory ligament of the penis/clitoris is a deep fascia specialization that lies deep to the fundiform ligament |
| glans penis/clitoridis (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
expanded distal end of the corpus spongiosum which caps the ends of the corpora cavernosa |
the fossa navicularis is an expanded portion of the penile urethra that occurs in the glans (Latin, glans = acorn) |
| greater vestibular gland (N379, TG6-27A) |
an exocrine gland located in the superficial perineal space posterior to the bulb of the vestibule |
greater vestibular gland is covered by the bulbospongiosus muscle; it produces a mucous secretion that drains into the vestibule of the vagina for lubrication of the vulva |
| perineal membrane (N381, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
membrane stretching across the urogenital triangle attaching to both ischiopubic rami |
perineal membrane is pierced by the urethra, vagina and branches of the pudendal neurovascular bundle |
| perineal body (TG6-27A) |
fibrous connective tissue in the midline between the vestibule of the vagina and the anus |
many of the muscles of the perineum attach at or to the perineal body, including the transverse perineal muscles, bulbospongiosus, and external anal sphincter; the male version is often called the central tendinous point |
| root of penis (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
the attached part; consists of the crura, bulb, and ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles |
the root is located in the superficial perineal pouch, betweent the perineal membrane superiorly and the deep perineal fascia inferiorly (Latin, a tail or penis; derived from pendere, to hang down) |
| scrotal ligament |
band of connective tissue that attaches the inferior end of the testis to the inner aspect of the scrotal sac |
scrotal ligament is the remnant of the gubernaculum testis |
| sinus of the epididymis ( TG6-32B) |
a thin space within the tunica vaginalis testis between the body of the epididymis and the testis |
sinus of the epididymis is lined by a serous membrane (visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis testis) (Greek, epididymis = covering the testicle) |
| suspensory ligament of the penis/clitoris (TG6-31BA) |
a specialization of deep fascia connecting the proximal end of the penis/clitoris to the pubis and pubic symphysis |
the fundiform ligament is a specialization of superficial fascia that lies superficial to the suspensory ligament |
| tunica albuginea, corpus cavernosum (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) |
outer white fibrous covering of the corpus cavernosum of the penis/clitoris |
tunica albuginea is a dense connective tissue layer that is not distensible, causing erection when the corpus cavernosum becomes engorged with blood (Latin, tunica albuginea = white coat + corpus = body) |
| tunica dartos scroti |
a subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle located in the scrotum |
fatty and membranous layers of the superficial fascia (as seen in the lower abdominal wall) are fused in the scrotum to form the tunica dartos scroti (Latin, dartos = leather) |
| urethra (N366, N378, N385, N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B, TG6-10A, TG6-10B) |
duct that drains the urinary bladder |
urethra has three parts in the male: prostatic, membranous & penile/spongy; female urethra is much shorter than the male urethra, consisting of the membranous part only |
| urethra, membranous (N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) |
part of the urethra that passes through the sphincter urethrae muscle and perineal membrane |
female: membranous urethra connects the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice at the vestibule of the vagina; male: membranous urethra connects the prostatic urethra with the spongy/penile urethra |
| urethra, penile (N385, N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) |
part of the urethra contained within the bulb and the corpus spongiosum of the penis |
longest part of male urethra; penile urethra has a dilation in the region of the glans called the navicular fossa; also known as: spongy urethra |
| urethra, prostatic (N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) |
part of the male urethra passing through the prostate gland |
prostatic urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice at the anteroinferior angle of the vesical trigone; posterior wall of the urethra has an elevated ridge called the urethral crest with a prominence called the seminal colliculus (veru montanum = spitting mountain); seminal colliculus has a blind diverticulum called the prostatic utricle with orifices of ejaculatory ducts located below it |
| urethra, spongy (N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) |
part of the urethra contained within the bulb and the corpus spongiosum of the penis |
longest part of male urethra; spongy urethra has a dilation in the region of the glans called the navicular fossa; also known as: penile urethra |
| ureter |
muscular tube that serves as the duct of the kidney to carry urine to the bladder |
ureter is continuous proximally with the renal pelvis; it passes over the pelvic brim medial to the testicular/ovarian vessels; it passes obliquely through the posterior wall of the urinary bladder and drains at the posterolateral angle of the vesical trigone |
| uvula of the bladder (N366, TG6-10) |
elevation of the inner bladder wall posterosuperior to the internal urethral orifice |
uvula is caused by the middle lobe of the prostate gland; if the prostate becomes enlarged (either benign hypertrophy or malignancy) the uvula can constrict the internal urethral orifice and cause difficulty in voiding the bladder; only found in males |
Nerves
|
| Nerve |
Source |
Branches |
Motor |
Sensory |
Notes |
| anterior labial n. (TG6-19A) |
ilioinguinal n. |
no named branches |
none |
skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus |
communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. (Latin, labial = lips) |
| anterior scrotal n. (TG6-19B) |
anterior cutaneous br. of the ilioinguinal n. |
no named branches |
none |
skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum |
anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. |
| dorsal n. of the clitoris (TG6-19A) |
pudendal n. |
no named branches |
sympathetic motor innervation to skin |
skin of the shaft of the clitoris |
the terminal branch of the pudendal n. |
| dorsal n. of the penis (TG6-19B) |
pudendal n. |
no named branches |
sympathetic motor innervation to skin |
skin of the shaft of the penis |
the terminal branch of the pudendal n. |
| inferior hypogastric plexus (N409, TG5-39) |
hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4) |
contributes branches to: uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic plexus |
sympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera |
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera |
inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall (Latin, hypogastric = below the stomach + plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels) |
| inferior rectal n. (TG6-19A) |
pudendal n. |
no named branches |
external anal sphincter |
skin of the anus |
inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n. |
| lumbosacral trunk |
part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united with the ventral primary ramus of L5 |
no named branches; it contributes to the formation of the sacral plexus |
muscles of the hip and posterior thigh |
see sacral plexus |
the lumbosacral trunk is not considered to be part of the lumbar plexus |
| perineal n. (TG6-19B) |
pudendal |
posterior scrotal/labial n., deep (muscular) br. |
muscles of the perineum: bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial and deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae |
skin of the posterior surface of the scrotum/labium majus |
perineal n.branches from the pudendal n. at the posterior margin of the transverse perineal muscles |
| pelvic splanchnic n. (N410, N412, TG6-18, TG6-19) |
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) |
unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus (inferior hypogastric) plexus |
smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera |
none |
parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons (Greek, splanchnic = viscera) |
| posterior labial n. (TG6-19A) |
perineal n. (a branch of the pudendal n.) |
no named branches |
none |
skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus |
communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. (Latin, labial = lips) |
| posterior scrotal n. (TG6-19B) |
perineal n., from the pudendal n. |
no named branches |
none |
skin of the posterior aspect of the scrotum |
posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. |
| pudendal n. (N404, N405, TG6-28A, TG6-28B, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) |
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (sacral plexus) |
inferior rectal n., perineal n., dorsal n. of the clitoris/penis |
its branches supply: external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial & deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae |
its branches supply: skin of the anus, posterior scrotum/labium majus, clitoris/penis |
pudendal n. passes through the pudendal canal formed by fascia on the medial surface of the obturator internus m. (Latin, pudendus = ashamed, the term referred to "the shameful parts", ie the genitals) |
| prostatic plexus (TG6-19B) |
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus |
is continuous with the rectal and vesical plexuses |
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts |
pain from the pelvic viscera listed at left |
the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in communication with each other (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels) |
| rectal plexus (TG6-19B) |
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus, posterior part |
no named branches |
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum |
pain and general sensation from the rectum |
rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male, uterovaginal plexus in the female (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels) |
| sacral plexus (N410, N412, TG6-18, TG6-19) |
lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4 |
superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. |
muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum; muscles of the posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot |
skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot (excluding the medial side of the leg and foot) |
the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus" (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels) |
| sacral splanchnic n. (N410, N412, TG6-18, TG6-19) |
sacral sympathetic ganglia |
unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus (inferior hypogastric) plexus |
vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera |
pain from the pelvic viscera |
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number (Greek, splanchnic = viscera) |
| uterovaginal plexus (TG6-19A) |
inferior hypogastric plexus |
continuous with the rectal plexus |
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina |
pain from the pelvic viscera listed at left |
the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels) |
| vesical plexus (TG6-19B) |
inferior hypogastric plexus |
continuous with the prostatic plexus |
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct |
pain and general sensation from the bladder, seminal vesicle and ductus deferens |
vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels) |
Arteries
|
| Artery |
Source |
Branches |
Supply to |
Notes |
| clitoris, deep a. of (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) |
internal pudendal a. |
no named branches |
corpus cavernosum of the clitoris |
deep a. of the clitoris and dorsal a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. |
| clitoris, dorsal a. of (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) |
internal pudendal a. |
no named branches |
superficial structures of the clitoris |
dorsal a. of the clitoris and deep a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. |
| deep, of penis (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) |
internal pudendal a. |
no named branches |
corpus cavernosum of the penis |
deep a. of the penis and dorsal a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. |
| dorsal, of penis (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) |
internal pudendal a. |
no named branches |
superficial tissues of the penis |
dorsal a. of the penis and deep a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a. |
| gluteal, inferior (N402, N403, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) |
internal iliac a., anterior division |
unnamed muscular branches |
gluteus maximus m., hip joint |
inferior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip |
| gluteal, superior (N502, N402, N403, TG3-29, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) |
internal iliac, posterior division |
superficial br., deep br. |
gluteus maximus m., gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., hip joint |
superior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip |
| iliac, common (N264, TG5-34) |
abdominal aorta |
external iliac a., internal iliac a. |
pelvis, lower limb |
abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the L4 vertebral body to form the right and left common iliac aa.; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation into its terminal brs. (external iliac a. and internal iliac a.) |
| iliac, external (N264, TG5-34) |
common iliac a. |
inferior epigastric a., deep circumflex iliac a., femoral a. |
lower limb |
external iliac a. is continuous with the femoral a., the name change occurs at the inguinal ligament; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation |
| iliolumbar (N264,
N402,
N403, TG5-34, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) |
internal iliac a., posterior division |
iliac br., lumbar br. |
iliacus m., psoas major m., quadratus lumborum m. |
lumbar br. of the iliolumbar a. sends a small spinal br. into the vertebral canal |
| internal iliac (TG3-18, TG3-20, TG5-30 |
common iliac a. |
anterior division gives rise to the : umbilical a., obturator a., uterine a., vaginal a., inferior vesical a., middle rectal a., internal pudendal a., inferior gluteal a.; posterior division gives rise to the: iliolumbar a., lateral sacral a., superior gluteal a. |
pelvic viscera, gluteal region, hip, medial thigh |
common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation to form the internal iliac a. and the external iliac a. |
| inferior rectal (TG6-28B, TG6-31B) |
internal pudendal a. |
no named branches |
anus, ischioanal fossa |
inferior rectal a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a. and the superior rectal a. |
| internal pudendal (N402, N403, N404, N405, TG6-17A, TG6-17B, TG6-28A, TG6-28B, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B)
|
internal iliac a., anterior division |
inferior rectal a., perineal a., artery of the bulb of the clitoris/penis, urethral a., deep clitoral/penile a., dorsal clitoral/penile a. |
anus, muscles of the superficial and deep perineal spaces, clitoris/penis, posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus |
internal pudendal a. is the primary blood supply to the perineum (Latin, pudendus = ashamed, the term referred to "the shameful parts") |
| lateral sacral (N264, TG5-34,
N402,
N403, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) |
internal iliac a., posterior division |
spinal brs. |
sacrum, sacral nerve rootlets, meninges, adjacent muscles |
there are usually 2 lateral sacral aa. on each side, a superior one and an inferior one |
| middle rectal (N402, N403, N398, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) |
internal iliac, anterior division |
no named branches |
middle portion of the rectum |
middle rectal a. anastomoses with the inferior rectal a and the superior rectal a. |
| obturator (N402, N487, TG3-54, TG6-17) |
internal iliac a., anterior division |
pubic br., acetabular br., anterior br., posterior br. |
medial thigh and hip |
anterior and posterior brs. pass on the anterior and posterior sides of the adductor brevis m.; aberrant obturator a. arises from the inferior epigastric a. in 30% of cases |
| of bulb of penis (TG6-29B) |
internal pudendal a. |
no named branches |
bulb of the penis and associated tissues |
artery of the bulb of the penis courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb (Latin, penis = a tail or penis, derived from pendere, to hang down) |
| of bulb of vestibule |
internal pudendal a. |
no named branches |
bulb of the vestibule and associated tissues |
artery of the bulb of the vestibule courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb |
| perineal (TG6-29A, TG6-29B) |
internal pudendal a. |
posterior labial/scrotal; deep br. |
posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus; muscles of the superficial perineal space |
perineal a. courses superficial to the superficial transverse perineus m.; it courses with the perineal n. |
| posterior labial (TG6-29A) |
perineal a. |
no named branches |
posterior aspect of the labium majus |
posterior labial a. courses through the superficial perineal space |
| posterior scrotal (TG6-29B) |
perineal a. |
no named branches |
posterior aspect of the scrotum |
posterior scrotal a. passes superficial to the superficial transverse perineus m. |
| testicular artery (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) |
aorta |
|
testis and epididymis |
|
| umbilical (N402,
N403, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) |
internal iliac a., anterior division |
superior vesical aa., a. of the ductus deferens |
superior part of the bladder; ductus deferens |
distal to the branches described at left, the lumen of the umbilical a. becomes obliterated after birth and the remnant of the vessel becomes the medial umbilical ligament |
| uterine (N400, 402,404, TG6-11, TG6-17) |
internal iliac a., anterior division |
tubal br., vaginal br. |
uterus, uterine tube |
uterine a. anastomoses with the ovarian a. and the vaginal a.; it passes superior to the ureter in the pelvis; remember the saying "water under the bridge" |
| vaginal (N402, N404, TG6-17) |
internal iliac a., anterior division; occasionally it arises from uterine a. |
numerous unnamed branches |
vagina |
anastomoses with the uterine a.; participates in the formation of the azygos arteries along the lateral surface of the vagina |
| vesical, inferior (TG6-17) |
internal iliac a., anterior division or it may arise from the middle rectal a. |
no named branches |
lower part of the urinary bladder, prostate/vagina |
inferior vesical a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a. |
| vesical, superior (TG6-17) |
umbilical a. |
no named branches |
superior aspect of the bladder |
superior vesical aa.arise from the umbilical a. proximal to where its lumen becomes obliterated |
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
){kind=spacer}
){kind=spacer}