Lecture Notes - Kidneys & Retroperitoneum

1. Kidney
   • Relationships to surrounding structures.
   • Fascia - renal fascia, para - and perirenal fatty capsule
   • Internal anatomy - covered with renal sequence
   • Collecting system - covered with renal sequence
   • Arterial supply - renal arteries
   • Renal veins
   • Anomalies - double ureters, pelvic and horseshoe kidneys
2. Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands
   • Structure and anatomical relations
   • Arterial supply - superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
   • Venous drainage
     • right suprarenal - inferior vena cava
     • left suprarenal - left renal vein
   • Nerve supply - greater thoracic splanchnic nerves
3. Diaphragm
   • Central tendon and Muscular part
   • Crura - right and left crus
   • Arcuate ligaments
     • median arcuate ligament - aortic hiatus
     • medial arcuate ligament - over psoas major muscle
     • lateral arcuate ligament - over quadratus lumborum
4. Posterior abdominal wall (Retroperitoneum)
   • Muscles - quadratus lumborum, psoas major, (psoas minor), and iliacus
   • Lumbar plexus
     • iliohypogastric n.
     • ilioinguinal n.
     • genitofemoral n.
     • lateral femoral cutaneous n.
     • femoral n.
     • obturator n.
   • Abdominal aorta and its branches
   • Inferior vena cava and its branches
   • Nerves
     • Sympathetic nerves
       • sympathetic trunk
       • thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
     • Parasympathetic nerves
       • anterior and posterior vagal trunks - to the splenic flexure of the colon
       • pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4) - distal to the splenic flexure
     • Preaortic autonomic plexuses and ganglia
   • Lymphatic - Cisterna chili and thoracic duct