Which of the following would be most likely to be damaged by a stab wound into the ischiorectal (ischioanal) fossa 2 cm lateral to the anal canal? Crus of the Penis Perineal Body Pudendal Nerve Inferior Rectal Artery Vesicular Bulb
Lymphatic drainage of the terminal portion of the gastrointestinal tract may flow initially into either the superficial inguinal nodes or the pararectal nodes, depending upon whether the lymph is formed above or below the: Anorectal Junction Muscular Sling of the Puborectalis Muscle Pectinate Line White Line Cutaneous Zone
Which structure is outlined with contrast on a CT using intraperitoneal contrast
material? Ovary Prostate Rectum Seminal Vesicles Vagina
A 64-year-old woman was diagnosed as having carcinoma of the distal gastrointestinal tract. At surgery, lymph nodes from the sacral, internal iliac and inguinal lymph node groups were removed and sent to pathology for study. Only the superificial inguinal nodes contained cancerous cells. In which part of the GI tract was the tumor localized? cutaneous portion of anal canal distal rectum mucosal zone of anal canal pectinate line of anal canal proximal rectum
Structures within the lower gastrointestinal tract specialized for physical support of fecal material are the: Transverse rectal folds Circular folds Anal valves Anal columns
A malignant tumor in the cutaneous zone of the anal canal would most likely metastasize (spread) to which group of lymph nodes? Inferior mesenteric Pararectal Sacral Superficial inguinal
Which of these features of the anal canal serves to indicate the point where the mucosal covering of the gastrointestinal tract ends and a skin-like covering begins? Mucosal zone White line Transitional zone Pectinate line
The expanded region of the lower rectum, where fecal matter is retained, is known as the: Anal columns Anal sinuses Ampulla Transverse folds
An elderly patient notices red blood in his stool. As part of his examination, you insert a proctoscope (sigmoidoscope) through his anal canal. As you pass the scope superiorly through the rectum, the most prominent features to be seen are: longitudinal muscle bands tenia coli transverse rectal folds rectovesical pouches haustra
Which structure is NOT found within the true pelvis? Femoral nerve Hypogastric nerve Internal pudendal artery Obturator artery Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Which skeletal feature would you consider to be most characteristic of the female pelvis? Subpubic angle of 90 degrees or greater Marked anterior curvature of the sacrum Tendency to vertical orientation of the iliac bones Prominent medial projection of the ischial spines
The male pelvis tends to differ from the female pelvis in that the male pelvis often has a: larger pelvic inlet smaller subpubic angle straighter sacral curvature larger pelvic outlet rounder pelvic inlet
Which statement is true regarding pelvic veins? The external iliac vein lies medial to the external iliac artery The external iliac veins join to form the inferior vena cava The inferior vena cava cannot be imaged Pelvic veins are usually imaged using an arteriogram
What bony landmark on the lateral pelvic wall may be used as a reference for
localizing female pelvic anatomy or pain phenomena?
Coccyx Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Obturator canal Pectineal line
Which statement about the pelvic floor is NOT correct? Along with the pelvic brim, it defines the true pelvic cavity It is a funnel-shaped skeletal muscle It is referred to as the pelvic diaphragm It is tensed during defecation It projects into the anal triangle
Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers within the pelvic (inferior hypogastric) plexus arise from S2, 3, 4 and enter the plexus via: gray rami communicantes hypogastric nerves pelvic splanchnic nerves sacral splanchnic nerves white rami communicantes
A caudal epidural block is a form of regional anesthetic used in childbirth. Within the sacral canal, the anesthetic agent bathes the sacral spinal nerve roots which would anesthetize all of the following nerves except: Pelvic splanchnics Pudendal S2 dorsal root Sacral splanchnics S2 ventral primary ramus
A patient presents complaining of blood-stained stools and the inability to completely empty his rectum. He also has pain along the back of his thigh and weakness of the posterior thigh muscles. Digital examination reveals a tumor in the posterolateral wall of the rectum. Pressure on what nerve plexus could cause the pain in his lower limb? Inferior hypogastric Inferior mesenteric Lumbar Sacral Superior hypogastric
In a patient with rectal cancer located in the wall of the ampulla, you find that the cancer has spread to the muscle immediately lateral to the ampulla. This muscle is the: Piriformis Obturator internus Levator ani Sphincter urethrae Bulbospongiosis
The pelvic splanchnic nerves primarily carry ____________ to the _____________ plexus. Preganglionic parasympathetics--superior hypogastric Preganglionic parasympathetics--inferior hypogastric Postganglionic parasympathetics--superior hypogastric Postganglionic sympathetics--superior hypogastric Postganglionic sympathetics--superior hypogastric
The arcus tendineus levator ani is a thickening of fascia of the: Coccygeus Obturator externus Obturator internus Piriformis
The sacral outflow of the parasympathetic (craniosacral) system enters the pelvic plexus via: Hypogastric nerves Pelvic splanchnic nerves Pudendal nerves Sacral splanchnic nerves
The boundaries of the perineum include all the following except: Ischiopubic rami Ischial tuberosity Tip of the coccyx Sacrotuberal ligament Sacrospinal ligament
An intrahepatic blockage of the portal venous outflow may cause intestinal blood to drain via portal-systemic anastomoses into the: Superior gluteal vein Middle rectal vein Splenic vein Renal vein Inferior phrenic vein
What part of the ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa extends deep to the sacrotuberal ligament? Anterior recess Genital hiatus Posterior recess Pudendal canal
The perineum is bounded by all of the following skeletal elements except: coccyx ischiopubic ramus spine of ischium symphysis pubis
If the venous drainage of the anal canal above the pectinate line is impaired in a patient with portal hypertension, there may be an increase in blood flow downward to the systemic venous system via anastomoses with the inferior rectal vein, which is a tributary of the: External iliac Inferior gluteal Inferior mesenteric Internal iliac Internal pudendal